Erick Erickson A Psychoanalytical Perspective on human...

Erickson’s Psychoanalytical Perspective on Human Development Final Project Paper Excelsior Community College Tatiane Boyd 4/19/15 This paper was prepared for PSY 235, Lifespan Development. Abstract The growth and development happening throughout a human’s life have been divided into five broad categories including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging. However, in accordance with Erick Erickson, human development happens in eight different psychosocial stages. And that with every single stage, new conflicts arise. Yet, these crises happening in one’s life should be fully resolved before moving on to the next level. Based on Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, each one of these stages are†¦show more content†¦Yet, before one can move on to the next level, every single conflict happening in one’s life, in that particular stage, should be resolved before moving on to the next level. He emphasized that at each stage, attitudes and skills are acquired making the individual an active, contributing member of society. (Berk, L. 2007) Based on Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, each one of these stages ar e crucial in one’s life, building blocks of emotional and social development of human beings. (Parrish, M. 2009). Stage One: Trust vs. Mistrust Erickson’s trust vs. mistrust stage starts from birth, ending at approximately one year of age. The focus is this stage focus on the quality of the relationship between the infant with their mother. (Bornstein, M., Lerner, R.) Or the relationship with their primary caregivers. In this stage, the main question is â€Å"Trust or not to Trust?† Erickson described this stage as a crucial stage in an infant’s life. For instance, when close, warm and responsive care is given to the infant from their mothers, the infant can learn how to trust; (Vaughan, M. D., Rodriguez, E. M. 2013) However, when the opposite happens, mistrust may happens instead (Berk, L. 2007) In addition, problematic outcomes associated with a negative outcome from this stage may include frustration, lack of confidence, suspicion; more serious issues would involve

A Conflict Of Cultures Kerry Beck - 1610 Words

A Conflict of Cultures Kerry Beck Charleston Southern University All material in this paper is the author’s original work and all resources have been properly cited. Outline The Mothers of Good Will are a religious order that operates two hospitals which have recently been merged The two facilities have developed very different cultures over time and are having difficulty integrating as a result Hospital ‘A’ was, until recently, an acute care facility Its culture was more fluid and open to change Hospital ‘B’ is a chronic care facility Its culture was focused on consistency History Both hospitals were built in 1860 by the same founder Hospital ‘A’ changed its mandate from acute care to chronic care in 1980 They were determined†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœA’ was originally an acute care facility and its leadership and culture was more fluid and open to change while ‘B’ was a chronic care facility more focused on consistency. In 1988, over a century since they were founded, the two agreed a merger was necessary for each to survive. Since the merger, however, both facilities have found it difficult to assimilate. This transition occurs in the midst of a more widespread one as traditionally religious medical institutes across the nation were becoming more secularized. External Environment The hospital has two primary external factors that it must appease. First is government needs and regulations. This contributed largely to why ‘A’ wanted the merger to begin with. The government was looking to reduce chronic care facilities and by merging with their larger cousin, their survival was more certain. The second external aspect is the business aspect, the reason that ‘B’ agreed to the merger. Despite their strong customer care, they were not business minded and as a result were facing potential bankruptcy. For the purposes of this analysis, the external environment is assumed to be outside the control of the hospital and is mentioned here due to its importance to the internal environment, which can be controlled. Approach Due to the nature of this case, this analysis will focus

Consumer behaviour theory Free Essays

In the current state of understanding consumer behaviour attitudes are core concept in gaining knowledge of people’s personalities, behaviour and choices they make. In other words answering the question – â€Å"Why do people do what they do? † Along with beliefs and identity they are main factor impacting on individual’s life since everyday choices are made embracing a certain attitude. Unless marketers try to define and pay attention to the psychological need which is encountered by the holding of an attitude they are in a poor position to predict when and how it will change. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer behaviour theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now   (Daniel Katz, 1960) This essay will specify the factors and psychological processes that influence people’s needs and their perceptions of various products. Furthermore it will describe how marketers can apply the Functional Theory of Attitudes to understand and influence consumers’ attitudes and buying behaviour. According to Arnould (2004)†An attitude is a person’s overall, enduring evaluation of a concept or object, such as a person, a brand or a service† Attitude formation could happen in different ways and it is continual process which is influenced throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some of the influences are internal such as values and beliefs but many of these influences are external, such as family, school, religion, work, peers and, to an increasing extent, the media. The views for companies are based on associations that they have linked them. The Functional theory of attitudes explains consumers’ reasons for holding or changing their attitudes. Daniel Katz (1960) distinguished four functions differing in what roles they perform for the individual. â€Å"According to functional theory, people form attitudes in order to organize, structure and summarize large amounts of information about an object (Grewal et al. 2004)† (Argyriou, E. , Melewar, T. C. , 2011, pp. 433) The functional theory highlights the idea that attitude change occurs when message and motive match (Katz 1960) and suggests that an individual’s attitude toward an object is largely determined by what â€Å"function† an attitude serves for the individual. The first attitude function – the utilitarian is expressed in achieving desired needs, consumers stay away from brands which are unlikely  to fulfil their needs. Utilitarian appeal contains informing consumers of one or more key benefits that are perceived to be highly functional or important to aimed consumers. The term â€Å"utilitarian advertising appeal†, is a creative approach that highlights the functional features of a product or a brand. The basic principle is the one of â€Å"expected reward† and a lot of the commercials use this function in order to focus on the product performance attributes or its benefits. For example, most of the automobile advertisings are emphasising on the utilitarian features and characteristics. Place satisfaction is the â€Å"utilitarian value (of a place) to meet certain basic needs† (Guest Lee, 1983, p. 234) These needs range from sociability to public services to and the perceived quality of, facilities, or visual appearance (Stedman, 2002,pp. 564) The ego-defensive function in which the individuals protects themselves from getting to know truths about internal feelings or the threats of the external world in order to protect their ego and self-image. (Katz, D. , 1960) Nowadays consumers want to be associated with a particular brand or product. This comes from the fact that they want to build up and keep a particular self-image of themselves in the eyes of their peers. Products which aim to avoid anxiety-producing situations are most likely to be purchased. A perfume is a good example of an ego-defensive aimed product because it is used to rise individual’s self-esteem and position in the society. Advertising this kind of â€Å"tools† emphasises on the social acceptance, confidence, and sexual desirability in order to build a positive attitudes and association with the particular brand. â€Å"You are unique†¦ You are Magnifique! The new Feminine Fragrance. † is the slogan of â€Å"Magnifique† by â€Å"Lancome† flattering ones’ Ego. The value-expressive function is the one from which the individual expresses attitudes which correspond to his personal values and to his concept of himself which brings him satisfaction. This is a central function because it stresses the importance of self-expression, self-development, and self-realization. Consumers could form a product attitude not because of its tangible functions or characteristics, but because of what it says about their personality. â€Å"Places contain symbols of different social categories and personal meanings, and represent and maintain identity on different levels and dimensions. There is no social identity that is not also place-related and thing-related† (Grauman, 1983). The organisation of knowledge function is based upon the individual’s need of order, structure or meaning in their life. Striving for â€Å"ordering their universe† comes from the need of standards or frames when it comes to a new product or confusing situation. The consumer sorts all the messages while ignoring the less relevant information. This could result in positive attitude toward the new brand or the new characteristics of the brand. For example, more information is required when a customer is buying car or the additional policies for a mobile phone contract. In conclusion, attitudes toward brands and products are used to predict preferences among brands, buying intentions, or actual choice behaviour. Measure of brand preferences is not the same as measures of intended or actual choice. Marketers have to consider attitudes toward the act of buying or using a product rather than attitudes toward the product itself. How to cite Consumer behaviour theory, Papers